Determining Avogadro’s Constant and Faraday’s Constant

Determining Avogadro’s Constant and Faraday’s Constant List of Apparatus Name of Apparatus Quantity Uncertainty Electronic Stopwatch 1  ±0.2s Ammeter 1  ±0.01A Wires with crocodile clips 1 D.C power source 1  ±0.01V 300cm3 Beaker 3 Copper strips 2 Sand paper 1 Graphite rod 2 pH probe/data-logger 1  ±0.2 Electronic weighing balance 1  ±0.001 DATA COLLECTION: The electrolytic cell used in this investigation is illustrated in Fig 1: Fig 1 Diagram of electrolytic cell used in investigation In this investigation, a current is passed through the solution with copper as the cathode and graphite as the anode. After a set amount of time, the circuit is disconnected and the mass of the cathode is measured. Following which, calculations are made so as to determine the Avogadro’s and Faraday’s constant. Qualitative Observations When the D.C power source was turned on, bubbles were formed at the Graphite anode. As the reaction progresses, powdery substance gets suspended in the solution and a black solid deposits can be found at the bottom of the beaker and there is a visible decomposition of the graphite electrode. As the reaction progress, a pink layer of copper forms on the copper strip. The copper strip is originally brown in colour while the graphite electrode is black in colour. Eventually, as the graphite electrode decomposes, the graphite molecules will turn the copper (II) sulphate solution from blue to black in colour. However, when the copper sulfate solution is filtered, it is noted that there is a decrease in the intensity of the blue colour in the filtrate after the electrolysis. The initial pH of the solution is 2.75, after the electrolysis is carried out, the pH decreases to 2.10. Data Collection Constant variables Time Interval/s( ±0.2) 300 Voltage/V 4V Current/A( ±0.01) 0.25 Cathode Trial 1 Initial mass/g ( ± 0.001 g) 1.315 Final mass/g ( ± 0.001 g) 1.279 Change in mass/g ( ± 0.002 g) 0.036 Chemical equation for reaction at the anode: 2H2O (l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e (aq) Chemical equation for reaction at the cathode: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Cu (s) Calculations for cathode Calculations Error Propagation Change in mass(Cu) = 0.036g Mols of (Cu) = =5.7 x 10-4 mol Number of mol of electrons- Using mol ratio Cu2+ (aq) + 2e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Cu (s) Number of mol of electrons =11.4 x 10-4 Charge flowing through circuit Number of electron charges in circut= Where is the elementary charge, the charge of one electron Number of electron charges in circuit = Number of mol of electrons Where L is the Avagandro’s constant Equating the number of mols of electrons obtained form the copper mass data and the number of mol of electrons from the current- Faraday’s constant = = 67000 C % ±ÃŽâ€ Mol of Cu = % ±ÃŽâ€ Mol of Cu = = 5.6 % % Uncertainty of number of mol of electrons = % uncertainty of Mass(Cu) =5.6% % uncertainty of number of mol of electrons =5.6% % ±ÃŽâ€ charge flowing in circuit = Percentage error Percentage error for Faraday’s Constant = = = 30% Percentage uncertainty of faraday’s constant =5.9% Percentage systematic error in Faradays’ constant =%error-%random error = 24.1% Percentage error for Avogadro’s Constant = = 30% Percentage uncertainty of Avogadro’s Constant =5.9% Percentage systematic error in Avogadro’s Constant =%error-%random error = 24.1% Conclusion In conclusion, the calculated value of Faraday’s constant is mol-1 and Avogadro’s constant is. As seen above, the percentage error for both Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant are both 30% and after subtracting the error due to instrumental uncertainty, the % systematic error obtained is 24.1%. This shows that the experimental values calculated differ greatly from the literature values, indicating that there has been a significant amount of systematic error, which has caused the calculated value to be much different from the literature value. As percentage error of both Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant are much larger than their respective percentage uncertainties, this indicates that the sources of systematic error are significant and cannot be ignored Evaluation Type of error Limitation Improvement Systematic Oxidation of copper occurs naturally when the copper strip is exposed to oxygen and when it is heated in the oven. Even when sand paper is used to scratch off the layer of copper oxide on the surface of the, it is difficult to completely rid of all the copper oxide. The formation of copper oxide will affect the reaction when electrolysis occurs and will affect the change in mass of the copper electrode, which is the dependent variable in this experiment. Even when the copper strip is immersed in the copper (II) sulphate solution, after a period of time, it will eventually start to form a layer of copper (II) oxide which will not be involved in the electrolysis reaction. This will reduce the amount of copper which will undergo reaction, causing it to reduce the eventual calculated Faraday’s and Avogadro’s constant. It is impossible to prevent the oxidation of copper from happening however, this systematic error can be minimised. Other than ensuring that the layer of copper oxide is scratched off by rubbing the copper strip excessively with sandpaper. The time for which the copper stays in the oven can be minimised or hair dryer can be used instead to blow the water off. Systematic When the graphite electrode starts to disintegrates as the reaction progresses, fragments of graphite will be dispersed throughout the entire solution. As copper (II) ions move towards the copper strip to plate it, some of the graphite fragments may end up attached to the copper strip as well and are unable to fall off as a layer of copper plates over the graphite fragments. This can be observed in the experiment when the copper strip is removed at the end of the experiment; black fragments of graphite are observed on the copper strip. The graphite fragments would easily reach the copper strip mainly because they were quite near each other. Hence, the graphite fragments could easily move towards the copper strips and attach to them. In order to minimise this from happening, the experiment should be conducting in a 500cm3 beaker, with the copper strip and the graphite electrode held further away from each other. Also, the graphite electrode should be positioned below the copper strip so that as the graphite electrode disintegrates, the graphite fragments will simply sink towards the bottom of the beaker, hence it will be less likely for the graphite fragments to accidentally coat onto the copper electrode Systematic Fluctuations in the current. Whenever the 2 electrodes were moved, the current of the circuit changes. Hence, whenever the copper electrode was moved in order to be weighed, the current would fluctuate, resulting in an inconsistent current throughout the experiment. If the current deviates from the stated 0.25, the resulting Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant will be affected as well. An increase in current will result in an increase in the Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant calculated while a decrease in current will result in a decrease in the Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant calculated. In order to prevent fluctuations in the current as a result of the shifting electrodes, a retort stand can be used to hold the electrodes in place and prevent them from moving. This is much more reliable than just using hands to hold the electrode, resulting in a reduction in the fluctuation of the current A rheostat can be used and included in the circuit in order to adjust the amount of resistance of the circuit so that the desired current can be achieved. As current is inversely proportionate to resistance according to Ohm’s law, the resistance of the circuit can be adjusted in order to ensure a consistent current of 0.3 throughout the experiment. Systematic Also, another source of systematic error in this experiment would come from the fact that, the reading on the ammeter does not indicate the actual electric current flowing through the electrodes and the electrolyte as this value may decrease due to power losses in the wires. That is the electrical energy would be converted to heat. However the resistance of the wires in the circuit was assumed to be negligible in this experiment for simplicity. This would lead to systematic error as we would consistently overestimate the magnitude of the current flowing through the electrolyte. This error can be avoided if the values of the resistance of the wires as well as the internal resistance of the power source were known and included in the calculations made. Systematic The copper electrode may undergo a process called passivation[1] where the metal forms a protective layer on its surface to protect it from outer factors such as water or air to prevent corrosion. Such a protective layer will result in a high resistance which will lead to a voltage delay. This process may also occur on the graphite electrode. During the reaction, in the presence of passivation, the initial rate of the increase in mass of the copper electrode will be slowed down; ultimately affecting the total gain in mass by the copper electrode, affecting the Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s constant calculated. This process of passivation can be removed by allowing the reaction to progress for 5 minutes to avoid a voltage delay. 5 minutes was chosen because too short a time will be insufficient to remove the protective layer on the electrode and too long a time will result in the disintegration of the graphite electrode even before the collection of data has begun. As mentioned above, if there is too much graphite fragments in the copper (II) sulphate solution, they may come into contact with the copper electrode and affect its final mass as copper ions plate over the graphite fragments on the copper electrode. Random Error Due to time constrains, only one set of data was collected. This will result in the fluctuation of the value of the Faraday’s and Avogadro’s constant. In order to reduce the error, perhaps more sets of data can be collected, so that a graph of metal deposited against time can be plotted and the gradient will enable the determination of the two constants. [1] Metal passivation-en.w,wikepedia.org/Passivation_(Chemistry). Accessed- 26/2/2014)

Interpretation Job

I deem the Graduate Trainee Program as one of the epitomes of Centrelink's thrust in showcasing the best and brightest Australia has to offer the international community. Being part of a vibrant, dedicated and diverse group of individuals entrusted to foster understanding and promote the country's foreign and trade relations is a challenge anyone who believes in Australia should be proud to be a part of. Having read Politics and Government in university and presently doing my post-graduate studies in International Relations give me the fundamental, if not advanced, skills as well as awareness of local and international socio-political and economic realities of today. Complementary to my academic skills are the English language teaching experiences I have locally and abroad, which contributed immensely to my understanding of different cultures and peoples of varying age group. Being trilingual (English, Korean and street Japanese) gives me the edge to appreciate not only the language of other people but the nuances of what a language conveys, this is a paramount trait in comprehending the distinct language of diplomacy. It has helped me deal with clients in an interpretation job, students in a teaching assignment or local tribes people in medical or mercy missions. One of the jobs I do on the side is translation and interpretation work from Korean to English and vice versa. This type of work deals with Korean trade delegations coming to Australia to deal with Australian business owners. Both Korean and Australian clients require submission of a written project proposal prior to getting the tasking. The proposal calls for demonstrating my competence and advanced level of understanding not only of the Korean and English languages but the cultures as well. In writing the proposal, I set my plan of action and the methodology to be used for the translation and interpretation processes. After the clients read through my proposal, I present it to both parties and convince them of my being the right person to get the job done. During the actual translation/interpretation work, I sometimes observe that the principals' understanding of what each said to the other may get â€Å"lost in translation. † The outcome of which is that on several occasions, I had to mediate and arbitrate so that the two factions agree on correct interpretations. It is noteworthy seeing conflicting parties come to terms because of my diplomatic approach and diligence in getting the job done properly. In 2001, while doing community re-building voluntary work with the Youth with a Mission (YMAN), a non-government organization assisting marginalized communities worldwide, I was a â€Å"trainee team leader† charged with a group of young volunteers from the United States, Canada, Australia, Fiji and even Australian aborigines. We were in northern Thailand amongst the Karen and Hmong tribes and I found out that due to their patriarchal society, the males in the tribes refused to work with our female volunteers. This caused some setbacks since individual assignments were already given prior to arriving on site. As the team leader of the group, I discussed this problem with the senior team leader and recommended that we should respect their culture in order to complete the mission. I talked with the team and organised the male volunteers to work in building houses and improving the local site. The female volunteers took on the English teaching assignments and medical assistance. This went well with the local populace and we gained their respect because we demonstrated our reverence for their beliefs. I would have done things differently by studying the culture, beliefs and peculiarities of the tribes first prior to embarking on another volunteer mission. Team success rests with good leadership and management. I related the leader and manager role since despite being distinct characteristics, they are inseparable traits of someone charged with such daunting assignment. A leader/manager must have the vision to effectively implement tasks and the steadfastness to successfully complete mission objectives. My value as a team member is the ability to work cohesively with each team member and agree to set aside idiosyncrasies in order to fulfill collective goals. People with different backgrounds can be incorporated in a team by appealing to their individual aims and marry them with the strategic objectives. During one of my courses in post-graduate studies, our class simulated a United Nations Security Council meeting and I played the part of the Secretary General. We were doing North Korean nuclear proliferation conflict resolution and individuals have their own opinions on how best to mitigate the problem. Playing the goodwill role, I contributed to the team output by consolidating valid points from individuals and getting a group consensus that the solution to North Korea's nuclear arms program is by catering to the North Korean's need for aid in exchange for reduction or total demobilization of the nuclear arms. While working as a contractual English instructor in Korea, I noticed that the students learning English, though very diligent and hardworking, English have a hard time with conversational, street-speak and business English. This is due to the formation of the program wherein they learn classroom and â€Å"theoretical† English but lacking the suave and practical application. Korea is a very rigid and structured society and change usually comes at a difficult phase. I adapted and conformed to the norms of the school but took the initiative by instructing my students to prepare a five-minute oral presentation of a country of their choice. The presentations have to be made with individually hand-made posters to have more impact in terms of graphics. After each student's presentation, critiques from the class – in English, were done and this further confirmed the value of the pioneering teaching methodology. Needless to say, my technique was adapted by other teachers, who found it more efficient than the processes they have been using for years. Even the school director was pleased with my achievement that when my contract ended, he offered to renew it but I declined since I had to go back to Australia to pursue my studies.

Tuberculosis Is An Illness Of The Elderly, The Alcoholic,...

Introduction Pulmonary tuberculosis is an illness of the elderly, the poor, the alcoholic, and, today, the drug addict. TB, an indication of the frightening mortality of tuberculosis is contained in a report written about New York City in 1826. At that time New York had a population of 166,086. The total number of deaths in the two years preceding the report was 9,359, of which 1,579 were due to consumption. This means TB accounted for 17% of deaths due to all causes. Even today, almost 150 years later, TIn 1971 in New York City there were 310 recorded deaths from TB. In 1972 the total rose to 331. Once up on a time although Pulmonary TB a leading cause of death was under control in US, still hundreds of cases were reported every week†¦show more content†¦TB patients need to take two first line drugs for a period of 18 months – two years, with this chemotherapy patient is non infectious within a period of 2 weeks and can come back to his normal daily activities even going back to work also. As a result hospitalization for TB these days is minimal; patients who tested positive for TB were usually hospitalized until smear is negative continuing the chemotherapy on an outpatient basis. Hospitalization is also useful in assessing or analyzing the drug side effects during chemotherapy. Role of nurse 25 years ago taking care of a patient infected with TB for a nurse was very complicated and the nurse would be late in completing her assignments due to time consuming isolating techniques at complete bed rest and facing an anxious patient for months and even years making the job undesirable and there was also a danger the nurse who is treating TB patient would infect herself with TB. But the breakthrough in the chemotherapy in the treatment of TB has distinctly affected the role of nurse. The new TB drugs have eliminated most of the dangerous aspects that involved in TB patient care, but the new role of nurse is more difficult because of increased responsibility, the success of treatment for TB depends on the patients regularly following the medication for a long period just like Hypertension and it is the duty of R.N’s to make certain

Biomedical of Health - 768 Words

The biomedical model of health states that the individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work independently from each other. Ogden J, (2004) However, for example, in the case of an individual who is suffering from an eating disorder i.e. bulimia, this indicates that there is a clear link between the mind and body due to the sufferer vomiting after ingesting food; therefore resulting in the sufferer being responsible for their physical illness due to psychological illness. The biomedical model also suggests that treatment is to change the physical state of the body and that only the medical profession can treat the sufferer but in this case; this would be very problematic due to the mind causing the†¦show more content†¦This is through the biological (e.g. viruses, bacteria), psychological (e.g. behaviour) and social (e.g. employment, class) factors that can affect health. Ogden, J (2004). The model aims to give the health professional an holistic view of the individual, therefore making prognosis easier and treatment can be varied through a more humane and emotional approach along side a medical approach. Engel p, (cited in Munitz H, et al datastarweb online 2000) wrote a responding letter to Mr Greenberg; the editor of the paper written by Munitz et al, in the letter he states his father when alive argued that speech creates a pathway to information that would not be available by any other means which has a special value in understanding the individuals illness and disease. I believe that the biopsychosocial model of medicine is a more human and emotional model that aims to understand and help the individual as a whole. The application of psychology to health is beneficial to the individual by emphasizing the medical, psychological and social factors that contribute to the cause and effects of health and ill health. Health professionals can analyse all the factors that can affect the individual’s well being and aim at treating the person as a whole. (i.e. Medical professionals can treat the medical factors, Counselling for psychological factors and Social workers/ Community workers for social factors). Health psychology can be crucial in the promotion of healthShow MoreRelatedBiomedical And Social Model Of Health1712 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on the biomedical and social model of health. It will be critically discussing both models using supporting theories and highlighting the limitations of each. This essay will also discuss and analyse how both models relate to lay perspectives on health and illness. What is health and illness? In order to analyse and critically discuss the two models that are biomedical and social we first have to understand the concept and terms of health and illness. (WHO, 1948) describes health as ‘a stateRead MoreBiopsychosocial and Biomedical Model of Health1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease, according to him, this forecast, gave the patient knowledge about his or her condition and indirectly influenced, the being’s mental and physical condition. From these interactions with other people and experiences, Hippocrates wrote about health and healing. After him came Claudius Galen, a greek physician who referred to disease causing organisms as the source of diseases and illness. These organisms are today called pathogens – bacteria, virus and other infectious agents, until his theoryRead More The Biomedical Model of Health Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesThe bio-medical model of ill health has been at the forefront of western medicine since the end of the eighteenth century and grew stronger with the progress in modern science. This model underpinned the medical training of doctors. 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The position allows me to work with a strikingly diverse group of people, from other technicians to doctors, surgeons, and PhDs in the field of biomedical and health science research. After I complete my MBA, my goal is to continue on in this field in a managerial capacity and eventually in consulting. I have noted, however, that there are far more women than men working in this field. This non-traditionalRead MoreThe Biomedical Model of Heal th and Illness Essay examples1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness The most dominant theory in Modern Western medicine of health and illness, held by many official health practitioners such as doctors, consultants, and surgeons has been labelled the biomedical approach or by some as the biomechanical model. The biomedical model presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the bodys workings. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that ifRead MoreEssay on Assess the Biomedical and Socio-Medical Models of Health1162 Words   |  5 PagesI am going to write a report assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the biomedical and socio-medical models of health. Biomedical model of health Biomedical model of health is an approach which eliminates psychological and social factors (environment) but only comprises biological issues in trying to recognize or understand an individual`s medical illness/disorder. The biomedical model of health looks upon treatment in expression of changing the body by medical intervention forms. Also thisRead MoreSocial Models Of Health : The Biomedical Model And The Social Model Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last 150 years physicians’ views on approaching the diagnosis and treatment of their patients have undergone many changes. Their views refer to the application of two distinct models of health: the biomedical model and the social models. Each model focuses on different causes of disease: the biomedical model predominantly on biological, or proximal causes, and the social models on both the distal and proximal causes, including all social, psychological, biological and behavioural factors. TheRead MoreEssay about Postmo dern Perspective on Health versus the Biomedical Model602 Words   |  3 PagesPostmodern Perspective on Health versus the Biomedical Model I have chosen to compare the postmodern perspective on health and the biomedical model. The biomedical model view of the body is mechanistic. This point was argued by Engels, who said that the body was a machine and the breakdown of this machine was disease. he also beleived that the the doctor was the only one who could fix the machine. this point leads to many biomedical views. Firstly, it shows the way that doctors view the body

Walt Whitman Pedagogy Analysis - 1035 Words

When someone first hears the word, pedagogy, what do they think of? A toddler trying to say that he has a pet dog? Maybe it’s a modern day rapper’s name? Or even a generic brand of Grape Nuts? In reality a pedagogy is a teaching, instructing, or prompting of children to do a certain action to better their lives. When many people hear this, they first person they think of is Walt Whitman, and for a good reason. Many of Whitmans Writings have pedagogic ideas in them, The â€Å"Destroy the Teacher† passage, â€Å"When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer†, and â€Å"Passage 6† from â€Å"Song of Myself† are just a few of his strongest pieces where he expresses his ideas on pedagogy. Walt Whitman’s three main ideas on pedagogy are that the teacher’s main purpose is so†¦show more content†¦Interesting word choice, â€Å"destroying† the teacher. He knows that once the student becomes smarter and surpasses the teacher, the teacher has no purpose for the student anymore, so in reality, the student â€Å"destroyed† them. In â€Å"When I Heard the Learnd Astronomer† by Walt Whitman, he is trying to portray that we cannot be spoon fed with our learning, we have to experience by ourselves. He starts off with, â€Å"When I heard the learn’d astronomer, When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me, When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them, When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander’d off by myself, In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time, Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars†. He says that the teacher can give you the information, tell you how to do the math, and show you the pictures, but is that really going to help you? Why be given the information if you can collect the information yourself, why be told how to do the math if you can learn and figure it out yours elf, why be given pictures if you can go out in nature and see everything with your own eyes. This was Whitman’s main focus, it’s easy to be spoon fed information, but what is really challenging is the going out, getting the information, and experiencing it for yourself.Show MoreRelatedInfluential Factors Of The Audience s Understanding1425 Words   |  6 Pagesopinion between Kevin J. H. Dettmar and Sarfraz Manzoor on Dead Poets Society is one such example. Dettmar states that: â€Å"Dead Poets Society is a terrible defense of the humanities.† This is because he thinks the film is void of literary criticism or analysis; the only things left are misleading and deeply seductive. On the contrary, Manzoor cites Dead Poets Society as his favorite film that is un-cynical, idealistic, hopeful, and which inspires him when he needed it the most. (His understanding of this

Auto Biography Free Essays

was born and brought up in Houston, Texas. Ours is a family of four with my parents, me and my younger brother. The schooling years of my life were toughest. We will write a custom essay sample on Auto Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now I struggled a lot in my studies. The standardized procedure of education never interested me. I was an average student throughout my academic life. Extra-curricular activities like sports, drawing, crafts, etc. were my favorite things. I just remember that it was the second semester of 8th grade when I stood first in class. However, it didn’t serve any purpose in motivating me to take up studies seriously. I enjoyed understanding the concepts more than just memorizing ready-made notes. After completion of my schooling and college in the science stream, I chose to become a painter. It was a weird decision taken by me at that time. Today, however, I don’t regret it at all. My career in painting began a smoothly and I was more than happy to grab the right opportunity for which I was waiting so long. Today, I am happy with my life and enjoy it to the fullest. The positive attitude to face hardships brought out the best in me. Today I am looking forward to face the challenges of life in a positive manner. The content presented in the example above gives only a rough idea of how an autobiography should start; one can use a similar write up as an example of autobiography for college projects. Writing an autobiography is a huge effort and requires patience to put the facts and experiences in a proper manner. Autobiographies are detailed accounts of a person’s life and should be written with care and responsibility. The autobiography sample provided in the article above provides an idea about how to write about yourself in an interesting manner. Autobiographies are detailed accounts of our lives which help in remembering the happy and sad moments as well. One can draw inspiration from the tough times of the past and move on in life with a positive attitude. Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/autobiography-sample. html How to cite Auto Biography, Essay examples

Me Myself and Irene free essay sample

This is one of my favorite movies of all time, and it stars my favorite actor, Jim Carrey. Here is a brief plot summary of the film. It starts with a very subtle mild mannered patrol officer called Charlie Baileygates ( Jim Carrey) getting married and having his wife leave him for the black limo driver, dropping three black kids in his lap. Charlie was such a pushover that he said that the kids were black because of his great grandmother, this is just an example of his gentile and gullible nature. Eventually as the years past him by and his kids grew, a series of misfortunes stretched over decades built up within him a furious rage which finally erupts in the form of Hank Evans, his alter ego, his other personality if you will, as nice is Charlie was is how mean Hank became, he was the type of person who wouldn’t take anything from anyone, get into a fight against impossible odds even if he was going to loose just to hurt the other party, and even steal ice-cream from kids and growl at them when they cried! Throughout the movie Hank appears whenever Charlie is hurt or in over his head to save the day, which is an example of Charlie running away from his inner demons, in the beginning it was either one or the other, Charlie or Hank who appears, but in the final scene they both appear taking over different parts of the body in a hilarious all out brawl over who should really own the body and who should disappear. We will write a custom essay sample on Me Myself and Irene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the end, charley, driven by the love he felt for the woman he was supposed to be protecting, and fearing for her life when she is taken hostage, pushes himself out of his cocoon of safety and decides to take actions into his own hands, driving Hank away for good. What Charlie suffered from in this movie was a rude and violent split personality, caused by Advanced Delusionary Schizophrenia with involuntary Narcissistic rage. That is the mental disorder I will be talking about in this paper. I will begin by splitting the diagnosis in half and talking about Schizophrenia first, then the narcissistic rage, and finally how the two go together. Schizophrenia is defined as a serious mental illness characterized as a loss of cognitive analysis, contact with reality, and a lack in emotional responsiveness. It commonly results in delusions and paranoia resulting in severe social and professional dysfunction for the individual, it is extremely rare and only affects about 1. 5% of the worlds population, targeting mainly young adults. Diagnosis is given based on the patients testimony and through several personality tests, there is no clinical laboratory test for Schizophrenia. Put simply Schizophrenia is a split personality disorder where the afflicted individual seemingly has two different personalities; some can be very extreme such as the case of Charlie. To the more spiritual Schizophrenia might seem like two souls inhabiting the same body, two very different beings, life forces, living in the same shell, battling over its dominance. There are five main types of Schizophrenia, mainly paranoid, which is where delusions and hallucinations are present, but thought disorder and lack emotional responsiveness are not, secondly, disorganized, where thought disorder and the flat effect (no emotional reactivity) are both present. Thirdly there is the catatonic type, where the individual might sit still and no nothing for extensive periods of time or display agitated fidgeting. Fourth is the undifferentiated type, which implies that the psychotic demeanors are present but the criteria for the first three types have not been met, and finally there is simple Schizophrenia which is when delusions and thought disorder are present but in a very low concentration. Charlie was the paranoid type, as hank only came out when something bad was happening but both himself and hank could process everything like normal people, but in different ways. Delusions and hallucinations were present, but they were certainly not lacking in the areas of cognitive thinking (they could both plan escape routes and plans of action very efficiently), disorganized behavior (Hank was a bit psychotic but that was his nature), or emotional reactivity (they both fell in love with the same woman but only Hank (the bad boy) got laid! ) Secondly there is narcissistic rage, which is defined as a violent reaction to narcissistic injury, or attacks on a person’s image of self-worth or self esteem. Normally when a narcissist is under attack and feels like their image is being demeaned, their first reaction is one of rage in an attempt to bring down their attackers own self-image in order to feel better about their own. It’s the narcissist’s self defense mechanism against injuries to their self worth and should not be confused with anger, although the two are very similar there is a major difference, what might ause narcissistic rage to a narcissist, will not result in anger from a person not suffering from this disorder ( I think I might have it! f**k! ) †¦. (Ok now I know I have it because I’m really angry that I have it! Goddamnit! I’m a crackhead! Excuse the language I’m a bit flustered†¦. wow†¦ narcissistic rage†¦ who would have guessed? You were right! ). Another cause of narcissistic rage is when the narcissist is being prevented from achieving their ‘grandiose fantasies’ such as getting an A on a paper, totally hypothetical example! I did not understand these terms when I watched the movie over and over again, but now I see how the two work together hand in hand in order to make this dynamic duo of Charlie and Hank. Charlie was the pushover and he kept holding everything in, one day he finally snapped (this is where the narcissistic rage comes in) but being the person he was he could not do anything about it. Research has shown that episodes of narcissistic rage can actually trigger Schizophrenia! And this is where Hank comes in to make his grand appearance, as Charlie’s way of relieving his anger. Now that I think about it, every single time Charlie became Hank he was demeaned in some way, people made fun of him, he got knocked out, the machine robbed him, whenever he was about to get into a fight or confrontation, or if he was ever loosing one, his narcissistic rage would kick in and Hank would come out to save the day. In the final scenes when his loved one is taken hostage, even when he was already beaten, he was too scared to run away and leave her alone, he wanted to save her, he screamed out â€Å"I’m not running away anymore! intended for Hank who was holding his leg hostage because he wanted to be let out, at that moment Hank was gone forever, Charlie stood up for himself and faced his demons, the ones he was fleeing from the beginning of the movie, no longer bottling up his fears or confrontations but instead facing then head on, his narcissistic rage was gone, an with that the trigger for his Schizophrenia, and Hank. Charlie proceeded to save the girl himself and they lived happily ever after, he doesn’t take the medication anymore. â€Å"Noble fear can make a lion out of the lowliest cur† (my own! )†¦. The human psychology is an intriguing concept Go figure.